1 Introduction

19

1.1 Who This Book Is For

21

1.2 Focus of This Book

22

1.3 Contents of This Book

22

2 SAP System Landscapes

25

2.1 SAP System Architecture

26

2.1.1 Three-Layer Architecture

26

2.1.2 Options for Using Different Combinations of Layers

28

2.2 Installation Options for SAP Systems

30

2.2.1 Scenario 1: Single Host Environment

30

2.2.2 Scenario 2: Distributed Installation

31

2.2.3 Scenario 3: Clustering the SAP Instances

31

2.2.4 Scenario 4: High Availability for SAP Solutions

32

2.3 Database Layer for IBM DB2 for LUW Environments

34

2.3.1 Database Partitioning

34

2.3.2 High Availability Disaster Recovery

35

2.3.3 DB2 pureScale

37

2.4 Three-System Landscape in Brief

38

2.5 SAP System Landscapes with More Than One Solution

40

2.5.1 SAP Business Suite on SAP NetWeaver

41

2.5.2 Mixing SAP Solutions

43

2.6 Software Logistics and System Landscape in Detail

44

2.6.1 Basics of ABAP Software Logistics

45

2.6.2 Enhancement of ABAP Software Logistics by CTS+

57

2.7 SAP Instance in Detail

63

2.7.1 Processes of an SAP Instance: Overview

64

2.7.2 Directories of an SAP Instance

66

2.8 Summary

68

3 Basics and Architecture of the IBM DB2 for LUW Database

71

3.1 Concepts and Basics of Relational Databases

71

3.1.1 Motivation and History

72

3.1.2 Tasks and Functions of Database Systems

73

3.1.3 Relational Data Model and SQL

77

3.1.4 Brief Overview of SQL

81

3.1.5 Implementation Techniques for DBMS

86

3.2 Process Architecture of the IBM DB2 for LUW Database

89

3.2.1 Engine Dispatchable Units (EDUs)

89

3.2.2 DB2 for LUW Processes

91

3.2.3 EDU Categories

93

3.2.4 Connection Process

98

3.2.5 EDUs: Special Purposes

100

3.3 Memory Management and Buffers

103

3.3.1 Instance Memory

105

3.3.2 Database Memory

108

3.3.3 Application Memory and Private Memory

111

3.3.4 Memory Settings and the Self-Tuning Memory Manager (STMM)

114

3.4 Tablespaces

119

3.4.1 Basis of DB2 for LUW Tablespaces

120

3.4.2 Automatic Storage

130

3.4.3 Tablespace Organization and Extension

133

3.4.4 Storage Groups and Multi-Temperature Storage

139

3.4.5 Reclaimable Storage

141

3.4.6 Table Compression

146

3.5 Transaction Logs and Trace Files

154

3.5.1 File System Structure in SAP Environments

154

3.5.2 DB2 for LUW Transaction Logs

157

3.5.3 Diagnostic Log and Trace Files

162

3.6 Parameters and Configuration of the DB2 for LUW Database

170

3.6.1 Environment Variables

171

3.6.2 DB2 for LUW Profile Registry

172

3.6.3 Configuration of the Database Manager (Instance)

176

3.6.4 Configuration of the Database

179

3.7 DB2 for LUW Security Concept

180

3.7.1 Authentication

181

3.7.2 Authorization and Privileges

185

3.7.3 Role-Based Security for SAP

193

3.8 Database Partitioning

195

3.8.1 Architecture of a Partitioned DB2 for LUW Database

196

3.8.2 Configuration and Partition Groups

200

3.8.3 Data Distribution in a Partitioned Database

204

3.9 High Availability Disaster Recovery

208

3.9.1 EDUs and the Synchronization Mode for HADR

209

3.9.2 Multiple Standby Functionality

212

3.9.3 Delayed Replay and Read on Standby Functions

213

3.9.4 DB2 for LUW Rolling Update

214

3.9.5 Virtual IP Addresses or Client Rerouting

214

3.9.6 Requirements and Cluster Software for HADR

215

3.10 DB2 pureScale Technology

217

3.10.1 Architecture of DB2 for LUW with pureScale Feature

218

3.10.2 Failure and Protection Scenarios

222

3.10.3 Working with pureScale

226

3.11 Summary

231

4 Lifecycle

233

4.1 Installation Planning

234

4.1.1 Installation Documentation

235

4.1.2 Sizing the SAP System

237

4.2 Installation of SAP Systems

243

4.2.1 Downloading the Software

243

4.2.2 Performing the Installation as a Central System Installation

249

4.2.3 Installation of Distributed Systems

265

4.2.4 Installation of Additional Partitions for the IBM DB2 Database Partitioning Feature

273

4.2.5 Installing SAP Systems Based on IBM DB2 with the pureScale Feature

276

4.3 Updating the SAP System

279

4.3.1 Applying Kernel Patches

279

4.3.2 Applying Patches to the SAP System

282

4.3.3 Applying Patches to the Database

289

4.4 Upgrade for SAP Systems

294

4.4.1 Upgrading the SAP Instance

295

4.4.2 SAP Enhancement Package Installation

300

4.4.3 Upgrading the Database Instance

301

4.5 System Copy

311

4.5.1 Database-Independent System Copy

312

4.5.2 IBM DB2 for LUW-Specific Procedure

314

4.6 Uninstalling SAP Systems

317

4.6.1 Uninstall SAP Systems using SPM or SAPinst

317

4.6.2 Deleting a Database Instance Manually

323

4.7 Summary

325

5 Administration Tools Inside and Outside the SAP System

327

5.1 Operating System Tools

327

5.1.1 Starting the Database

328

5.1.2 Stopping the Database

329

5.1.3 DB2 Command Line Processor

331

5.2 DBA Cockpit

335

5.2.1 DBA Cockpit UI

336

5.2.2 System Landscape

339

5.2.3 Performance

352

5.2.4 Space

390

5.2.5 Backup and Recovery

411

5.2.6 Configuration

413

5.2.7 Job

439

5.2.8 Alerts

445

5.2.9 Database Diagnostics

447

5.2.10 BW Administration

453

5.2.11 Favorites

456

5.3 Administrative Tools for Troubleshooting

458

5.3.1 db2cklog

459

5.3.2 db2diag

459

5.3.3 db6util

460

5.3.4 db2pd

460

5.3.5 db2support

461

5.3.6 Other Available Troubleshooting Tools

461

5.4 Summary

462

6 Backup, Restore, and Recovery

463

6.1 Infrastructure Planning

464

6.2 Objects That Need Data Backup

466

6.2.1 Objects of the DB2 for LUW Database

467

6.2.2 Objects of the DB2 for LUW Database Software

468

6.2.3 Objects of the DB2 for LUW Instance

468

6.2.4 Objects of the SAP System

468

6.2.5 Objects of the Operating System

469

6.3 Data Backup Methods

470

6.3.1 Data Export

471

6.3.2 Offline Data Backup

472

6.3.3 Online Data Backup

474

6.4 Recovery Methods

476

6.4.1 Restore versus Recovery

477

6.4.2 Steps of Restore and Recovery

479

6.4.3 Restore and Recovery from an Offline Data Backup

481

6.4.4 Restore and Recovery from an Online Data Backup

482

6.5 Recovery Scenarios

483

6.5.1 Partial Restore and Complete Recovery

484

6.5.2 Database Reset

485

6.5.3 Point-in-Time Recovery

486

6.5.4 Full Restore and Complete Recovery

488

6.5.5 Disaster Recovery

489

6.6 Backup Strategies

490

6.6.1 General Notes and Concepts

490

6.6.2 Big Databases and Their Data Backup

495

6.7 DB2 for LUW Backup and Restore Tools

501

6.7.1 Setup for Log Archiving

501

6.7.2 Data Backup with the BACKUP DATABASE Command

509

6.7.3 Restore and Recovery with the RECOVER DATABASE Command

527

6.7.4 Restore with the RESTORE DATABASE and ROLLFORWARD DATABASE Commands

533

6.7.5 Changing the Hardware Platform using Backup and Restore

546

6.7.6 The History File

547

6.8 Integration with DB2 for LUW in HP Data Protector

554

6.8.1 Platform and Integration Support

554

6.8.2 DB2 for LUW Integration Concept

555

6.8.3 Integrating DB2 for LUW and Creating Backup Specifications

557

6.8.4 Restore and Recovery

569

6.9 Summary

573

7 Monitoring DB2 SAP Systems with SAP Solution Manager

575

7.1 Event Monitoring

576

7.1.1 Event Types

577

7.1.2 Creating and Activating Event Monitors

585

7.1.3 Event Monitoring Output Options

587

7.1.4 Listing Event Monitors

592

7.1.5 Formatting Collected Data from Files and Pipes

592

7.2 Monitoring with SAP Solution Manager 7.1

592

7.2.1 Technical Background

593

7.2.2 Monitoring Parameters in SAP Solution Manager

608

7.2.3 Monitoring Alerts in SAP Solution Manager

614

7.3 Configuration of IBM DB2 10.1 LUW Monitoring with SAP Solution Manager 7.1

616

7.3.1 SAP Host Agent Installation

616

7.3.2 System Preparation/Basic Configuration

617

7.3.3 SAP Diagnostic Agent Installation

617

7.3.4 Connecting SAP Systems to the SLD

618

7.3.5 Managed System Configuration

620

7.3.6 Technical Monitoring Configuration

627

7.3.7 Template Configuration

629

7.4 Technical Monitoring Operations with SAP Solution Manager 7.1

641

7.4.1 Service Desk

641

7.4.2 Alert Inbox/System Monitoring

642

7.5 Summary

645

8 SAP NetWeaver Business Warehouse and IBM DB2 for LUW

647

8.1 SAP NetWeaver BW: An Overview

647

8.1.1 Business Content

650

8.1.2 Data Models

651

8.1.3 Objects for SAP NetWeaver BW Modeling

657

8.1.4 Basics of Data Extraction

660

8.1.5 Reporting

663

8.2 DB2 for LUW as Database for SAP NetWeaver BW

664

8.2.1 Standard Installation for SAP NetWeaver BW

665

8.2.2 SAP NetWeaver BW and the DB2 Database Partitioning Feature

669

8.2.3 Massive Parallel Processing and Intrapartition Parallelism

681

8.2.4 Multidimensional Clustering

686

8.2.5 DB2 Column-Organized Tables

695

8.3 Summary

695

9 Common Problems and Their Solutions for DB2 Administrators

697

9.1 Sources for Help to Solve Problems

698

9.1.1 SAP Notes Search

698

9.1.2 SAP Support Request

701

9.1.3 SAP Community Network

706

9.1.4 IBM DB2 Database Product Documentation

707

9.2 Approach to Troubleshooting

708

9.2.1 Identify the Problem

709

9.2.2 Create a Support Ticket

710

9.2.3 Collect Data

710

9.3 SAP Instance Cannot Connect to the Database

711

9.3.1 Symptoms

711

9.3.2 Problem Investigation

712

9.4 Poor Database Performance

716

9.4.1 Symptoms

716

9.4.2 Investigating the Problem

716

9.5 SAP System Does Not Start Due to a Missing License

720

9.5.1 Symptoms

720

9.5.2 Solving the Problem

721

9.6 Database Is in Backup Pending Mode

722

9.6.1 Symptoms

723

9.6.2 Solutions

723

9.7 Log Archive Destination Is Not Available

725

9.7.1 Symptoms

725

9.7.2 Solutions

726

9.8 The Transaction Log for the Database Is Full

728

9.8.1 Symptoms

728

9.8.2 Solutions

729

9.9 DB2 Backup Runtime Unacceptably High

731

9.9.1 Symptoms

731

9.9.2 Solutions

732

9.10 Summary

735